ChainCatcher message, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin stated on social media: "In 2015, we didn't know about the existence of Rollups and Plasma. Data availability sampling had not yet been invented. We didn't know when SNARKs would be feasible. Basically, everything we knew about how to scale in a decentralized way was downstream research from 2015 to 2020."

ChainCatcher message, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin stated that Layer 2 and sharding are often described as two opposing strategies for blockchain scalability in public discussions. However, when you delve into the underlying technology, a puzzle emerges: the actual scaling methods are completely the same. Both have some form of data sharding, both have fraud proofs or ZK-SNARK proofs, and both have methods to solve cross {rollup, shard} communication. The main difference lies in who is responsible for building and updating these components, and how much autonomy they possess.A Layer 2-centric ecosystem technically realizes sharding very effectively, but it is a sharding that can create its own rules. This is very powerful and can inspire a great deal of creativity and independent innovation. However, it also presents key challenges, especially in terms of coordination. For a Layer 2-centric ecosystem like Ethereum to succeed, it needs to understand these challenges and address them head-on to gain as many advantages as possible from a Layer 1-centric ecosystem while getting as close as possible to having the best features of both.