Enable PADO verifiable confidential computing on AO superparallel computers

PADO and AO jointly initiate verifiable confidential computation (VCC), fundamentally transforming the confidentiality and integrity of blockchain through zkFHE technology. zkFHE combines fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) with zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs to ensure privacy, computational integrity, and general computation. Seamlessly integrated with AO and the Arweave network, PADO's zkFHE network will ensure the efficiency, scalability, and comprehensive privacy protection of the AO ecosystem.

PADO and AO will join forces to lead and realize verifiable confidential computation (Verifiable Confidential Computation), fundamentally transforming the confidentiality and integrity of blockchain applications through zkFHE technology. We are excited that PADO's verifiable confidential computation will be built on the foundation of the ultra-parallel computer AO, showcasing the potential of zkFHE technology-driven confidential computation.

What is zkFHE?

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) algorithms allow arbitrary types of computation on encrypted data, making them very suitable for scenarios where computational power is lacking and privacy data needs to be encrypted for computation by third-party resources (such as cloud services), commonly referred to as outsourced computation. However, pure FHE algorithms cannot guarantee that the ciphertext operations executed by third-party resources (based on homomorphic operations) are trustworthy; in other words, no one can distinguish between the results of honest model inference and random results.

Therefore, ensuring the integrity of FHE outsourced computation and preventing malicious computing nodes is a core challenge that restricts the large-scale application of FHE algorithms.

Zero-knowledge proof (ZK) algorithms (specifically referring to zk-snarks here) are mainly used for scalability (such as zk-rollup) and privacy. An interesting fact is that ZK algorithms cannot achieve privacy in outsourced computation scenarios due to the inherent security characteristics of ZK systems—proof of knowledge, which means that the prerequisite for generating a correct ZK proof is that the prover must obtain the relevant secret information (referred to as "witness"). Therefore, third-party computing resources need to be aware of the user's complete privacy data to complete the ZK proof computation.

zkFHE is based on the FHE algorithm, synchronously executing ZK proofs during the computation process, thereby ensuring the integrity and reliability of the computation process while also alleviating concerns about privacy data leakage. zkFHE is a novel cryptographic technology that organically combines ZKP and FHE, leveraging the advantages of both to provide truly verifiable outsourced computation.

In summary, in terms of computation involving personal data, the core advantages of zkFHE lie in its simultaneous possession of:

1. Privacy-friendly

2. Computational verifiability

3. Support for general computation

Therefore, we believe that zkFHE is the foundational technology for building a verifiable data economy in the Web3 era.

Implementing zkFHE on AO

Based on zkFHE technology, we can create a trustless verifiable confidential computation market, providing end-users with any type of data computation without worrying about the leakage of sensitive user information, with these excellent security features fully guaranteed by cryptography. The next question is, what kind of infrastructure and underlying components do we need to truly assemble this computation market in a decentralized and scalable manner?

PADO's answer is to build on the AO ultra-parallel computer. Theoretically, AO can provide nearly unlimited computational power through horizontal scaling of nodes (in practice, this should depend on the level of network incentives) and greater freedom. Architecturally, AO standardizes data processing methods and message expressions, completing information sorting, scheduling, and computation through three network units (subnets), as well as standardizing methods and functions of different units. The state data of AO processes is stored on the Arweave blockchain and has been confirmed by consensus, providing a solid foundation for the decentralization and verifiability of AO. The decoupling of computation and storage consensus in AO's design allows for a high level of scalable computational capability.

PADO will gradually build decentralized computing units based on AO, providing trustless confidential computing capabilities for the AO ecosystem, while also realizing the potential for rapid network startup and horizontal scaling. More importantly, PADO will use the Arweave blockchain as the storage layer for user privacy data, allowing users to securely store their encrypted data on the Arweave blockchain using PADO's zkFHE technology. Any computation requests within the AO ecosystem can be sent to PADO's dedicated computing units through the AO scheduling unit, which will then dispatch the computation tasks to zkFHE computing nodes. These computing nodes will read the user's ciphertext data on Arweave and complete the corresponding fully homomorphic computation and computation integrity proof.

Applications of zkFHE

zkFHE can support any type of ciphertext computation, breaking the ceiling of privacy limitations in current blockchain applications and enabling broader and richer scenarios. Typical applications of zkFHE include payments, voting, auctions, MEV, content sharing, privacy-preserving AI, and many other fields.

The Evolution of Computing Driven by PADO and AO

zkFHE, as a groundbreaking frontier cryptographic technology, is not simply a combination of zkSNARKs and FHE algorithms; it requires redesign and optimization at the underlying cryptographic protocol level to achieve computation and proof outputs with efficiency equivalent to currently leading FHE algorithms.

By organically integrating with the computing and storage architecture of AO and Arweave, PADO can rapidly initiate the zkFHE network in engineering terms, with computation, scheduling, and storage being relatively independent, and computational capabilities being infinitely scalable. On the other hand, the AO ecosystem can also gain high-performance confidential computing and general privacy protection capabilities through PADO's zkFHE technology.

PADO is committed to building cryptographic infrastructure aimed at personal data sovereignty. Although personal data sovereignty is still in a very early stage and will undergo a long process of exploration and validation, it will be key for Web3 projects to move beyond non-financial domains. We believe that the combination with the AO ultra-parallel computer will greatly accelerate the construction cycle of personal data sovereignty and the verifiable data economy.

We hope that in the future, every user can safeguard their data sovereignty through blockchain and cryptography.

About AO

AO is an "ultra-parallel computer" whose core goal is to provide trustless and collaborative computing services without any practical scale limitations. It combines the minimal trust advantages of blockchain networks with the speed and scalability of more traditional computing environments.

Core features that distinguish AO from distributed computing systems include parallel processing, unbounded computation, read/write access to Arweave, autonomous processes, and modular architecture.

For more information, please visit https://ao.arweave.dev

About PADO

PADO is dedicated to building the world's first zkFHE decentralized computing network, unlocking the value of data and computation through cryptography.

PADO utilizes MPC-TLS and IZK technologies to verify private data from network data sources and extend smart contract functionalities. In terms of computation involving personal data, PADO has achieved a verifiable confidential computing paradigm on massive data by combining with general computing technologies such as zkFHE.

For more information, please visit https://padolabs.org